Early childhood refers to the first years of a human’s life, typically from birth to around 6–8 years of age. These early years, especially the first three, form the foundation for how we interact with the world. During this time, key aspects of our future character are shaped—how we communicate, how we feel, how we think, and how we relate to others.

These years are critical for cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development. A child’s brain is highly plastic and responsive to change, as billions of neural connections are formed through the interplay of genetics, environment, and experience. Optimal brain development requires a stimulating environment, proper nutrition, and consistent social interaction with attentive caregivers.

It is essential to provide a nurturing environment that encourages self-directed learning and the creation of rich neurological pathways. Extended exposure to screens or technology is not recommended, as it may hinder natural development and reduce the child’s ability to engage in cognitive problem-solving.

In this section, you will learn about the developmental milestones children typically experience in the early years. Remember, every child develops at their own pace—some progress faster in certain areas, while others take more time. For example, a child who excels cognitively may take longer to develop gross motor skills, and vice versa. Eventually, most children reach similar developmental outcomes.

Some children have unique developmental paths and may not follow the average trajectory. These differences can be part of neurodiversity. In this section, you’ll also find information on typical versus atypical development, when to seek professional support, and a deeper understanding of neurodiversity, especially autism.